Topic of lecture : The Fall of Khilafah Islamiyah
Date : 8.8.2007
Time : After Maghrib Prayer
Location : Musolla IIUM Kuantan.
This kuliah was held in the Musolla. The main purpose why it was held here is to revive some sunnah from our prophet Muhammad SAW where Mosque/Surau/Musolla is the important place for social gathering other than its main purpose as a place for praying and other sorts of Ibadah. In addition, this musolla is situated at the communal facilities centre. Thus, everybody could attend it whether they have been informed earlier or coincidently been around .
I will only summarize the topic discussed in this lecture because in order to elaborate the content of this lecture, It might takes quite a long time. Simply put, the topic discussed in this lecture mainly regards to the Ottoman Empire (Khilafah Uthmaniyyah).Subtopics discussed include how empire came into existence, their golden era, and their aftermath.
<<The establishment of Ottoman Empire>>
The mongols devastated the eastern lands of Islam, during Abbasid Empire in 1290 and ruled from Sinai desert to India for a century. The miracles was that(Alhamdulillah), they converted to Islam and known as II-Khanids. They were in turn succeeded by Timur and his descendants who made Samarqand their capital and ruled from 1369 to 1500. The sudden rise of Timur delayed the formation and expansion of the Ottoman empire but soon the Ottoman became the dominant power in the Islamic world.
<<The Golden Era>>
In 1453, Mehmet the Conqueror (Muhammad Al-Fath) conquered Constantinople and then rename it to Istanbul. Later, this city became the capital of the empire and the fall of this city into Muslim’s troops indicate the end of Byzantine Empire.
The Ottoman Empire expanded into southeastern Europe (the Balkans and Hungary) and then east and south into Iraq, Arabia, and Egypt which includes the Moghul Empire.
They reached their zenith of power with Suleyman the Magnificient whose armies reached Hungary and Austria. Then, from the 17th century onward with the rise of Western European powers and later Russia, the power of the Ottomans began to wane.
It did not come to a final end until World War 1, however, when the Allies managed to encourage many of the dissident factions within the empire to bring about such internal strife that it fell as much from internal troubles as from the Allies’ external attack.
<<The Aftermath>>
Soon after Kamal Ataturk gained power in Turkey and abolished the six centuries of rule of the Ottomans in 1924.
After world war with the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, a number of Arab states such as Iraq became independent, others like Jordan were create as the new entity and yet others like Palestine, Syria, Lebanon were either mandated or turn into French colonies.As for Arabia, it was at this time that Saudi Arabia became finally consolidated.
As for other parts of the Islamic world, Egypt which had been ruled by the decendents of Muhammad Ali since the 19th century became more independent as a result of the fall of the Ottoman. Furthermore, Turkey was turned into a secular republic by Atatürk, and the Pahlavi where its name reverted to its eastern traditional form of Iran. But most of the rest the Islamic world remainde under colonial rule
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